Contemporary Art Space - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 588 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2018/12/19 Category Art Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? Originations of Space tend to show how contemporary artists keep on embracing spatial creation as a principal center of their work. The display uncovers how, past formal attributes and practical needs show the origination and verbalization of compositional space. It still characterizes engineering as a creative undertaking, and a reaction to more extensive social issues. In the early and mid-twentieth century, the idea of room was basic in characterizing the advanced development in design. Thoughts of compositional space identified with the lucidness between the inside and outside of structures rose as another element. Checking past understandings of design as a movement of styles, space turned into a favored journey of structural practice. In time space became effectively recovered by specialists, geographers, sociologists, and others as their area of mediation and reflection. As proposed by French rationalist Michel Foucault, our own era is the age of space, an extended field permeated with complex implications. Ten universal activities by artists and specialists are shown in substantial scale models through illustrations, photos, recordings, and even a room-sized establishment. They review how design tends to extended field. Spatial originations in the presentation run from array and envelope space, to anecdotal and performative space. Members offer a worldwide scene of design hone today, from acclaimed modelers, for example, Herzog and de Meuron, Alvaro Siza, and Kengo Kuma, to youthful, new practices, for example, Pezo van Ellrichshausen, Chile; Ryue Nishizawa, Japan; Ensamble Studio, Spain; and the New York-based SO-IL and MOS Architects. One of the conceptual art spaces is 98B COLLABoratory, Manila, Philippines which was in 2012 transferred to a beautiful decorated space initially known as Perez-Samanillo Building. The gallery spearheaded a creative boom for space contemporary art. The sophisticated Escolta shopping center has experience d major decline since the Second World War, however the establishment of Bergs departmental store has revolutionized it as it houses many artistic and creative works. The 98B holds different exhibitions and screenings which create discussions from different parties. Other tenants in the building comprise of small history museum and incubator bazaar where different artisans from all perspectives shows their talents and works. The second contemporary space is the Singapore Substation which was a building that initially had electricity offices. However, from 1990 the building became a host for different artistic works. Different exhibitions and performances were conducted in it thus making it a way to independent art spaces in urban areas. The building has a theatre that can contain 108 people and thus it host local groups, film broadcast and poetry. The theatre also highlights artists with punk aesthetics. Various performances conducted in the theatre fill the entire building from the top of the building to a trap door located in basement. The upstairs rooms in the building gives people a place and space to establish their own creative inspirations and talents. The third contemporary space art is the Indonesian Cemeti – Institute for Art and Society, Yogyakarta. The given platform is the oldest space for contemporary arts in Yogyakarta in the region of Java. For the past 30 years it has dominated contemporary artist space. However, the building has experienced major renovations this year as public spaces and gardens were redesigned by Dutch design group Collective Works. The space has a newspaper kiosk which is an essential characteristic in Indonesian villages a gives a variety of creative and printed materials. Other contemporary spaces are N22, Bangkok, Thailand, The Factory Contemporary Arts Centre, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, Myanm/art, Yangon, Myanmar, Romcheick Pram, Battambang, Cambodia, Manzi, Hanoi, Vietnam and Ne-Na, Chiang Mai, Thailand . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Contemporary Art Space" essay for you Create order

Interview about the Cold War - 1084 Words

1) When were you born? A: I was born in 1945, meaning that I was merely two when the Cold War began. 2) Where were you born? A: Titusville, Pennsylvania. 3) What was your initial reaction to hearing about the conflict between the United States and Soviet Union? A: I was very scared and confused, and I didn’t fully understand the situation due to my age. My mother briefly informed me of what was going on, saying that we were fighting the Soviet Union, which was the roots of the Russian Revolution. It was then when my mother told me they were the communist people. My family members were worried to death that there’d be an outrageous war. I felt the same way when I heard the problems would be becoming even more intense. The best thing I could do to mentally soothe myself is thinking we weren’t going to be bombed or die. 4) How would you describe the sudden influx of United States propaganda during the Cold War? A: The main source of propaganda in the States was from newspapers. I personally didn’t read it, but my father told me that these Communists were actually quite different from Americans. He explained that the SU system as totalitarianism, and the SU saw the US as a colonialism. I also remember seeing propaganda like books and movies. 5) Nuclear weapons were a very controversial topic during this era, what were your general feelings about both the weapons and the potential destruction of another country that assisted us during theShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding the Cold War Today652 Words   |  3 Pagesunderstand the Cold War today. For example, what do everyday people today think of when they hear the term Cold War? This is what you are going to find out! Each of the three people whom I asked was unanimously ignorant about the Cold War. Two of them knew something about it, but lacked the immediate sense that those living in the era possessed. Interview One The person was born in the 1970s and came of age in the 1980s. 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Western Countries Influence on China in the 19th Century Free Essays

string(46) " sufficient to perform commercial operations\." For quite a long period of time, China has had the largest economy in the world. Concepts such as use of money and development of merchant class were introduced by the ancient China. The Chinese exhibited a false sense of superiority as they believed that they had nothing to gain by trading with other countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Western Countries Influence on China in the 19th Century or any similar topic only for you Order Now The country was locked to external trade and it was not until after the Opium War that the country was forcefully opened to the world, which carried both positive and negative effects (Rawski, Para. 2). In the time of cold war, the literature which talked about China’s development focused on two major issues, one was that the involvement in international trade was less likely to be helpful in search of economic development for poor countries. The second was that the culture and social structure of China was a great impediment to its development. It was believed that substantial development in the country would only arise after major and dramatic changes were carried out to the social structure and individual behavior (Overholt. 22). According to Rawski (Para. ), the 19th century was in the Qing Period of the Canton trade and the balance of payment was in favor of Chinese as the silver flowed into the country. It was at this period that the British discovered a favorable market for opium in China as it shipped opium from India. This new discovery made the silver flow to reverse as outflow of silver increased. The balance of payment was no longer favorable as the trend decrease d money supply in the economy. The resultant effect was a downward pressure on general prices of goods and services that led to economic problems. The Qing court wanted to stop the outflow of silver and Commissioner Lin was sent to Canton in the efforts to stop the trade of opium. He confiscated property that belonged to the British traders and destroyed this business. When the traders complained to their government, the British government responded with military pressure which led to the opium war and unequal treaties system. The British soldiers easily outgunned the Qing forces as they had superior weapons. The Qing then surrendered in the year 1842 and the treaty of Nanking was signed. It allowed unrestricted European access to Chinese ports and the island of Hong Kong was ceded to Great Britain. During the war, farm areas were destroyed, and millions of lives were lost that made China’s income to fall. Another war that emerged between the British and the Chinese led to grievous losses and British warships obtained unlimited access to all rivers in China provided they were navigable. All official Chinese documents were to be written in English (U. S. Department of State, Para. 10a). The system of unequal treaties had economic impact on China and it also infringed on their political sovereignty. It led to the imposition of a free trade regime that allowed unlimited trade in all goods and services which eventually was obliged to allow foreign investment and foreign trade as well. The fact that China was large and far from the coast, was a reason that the foreign trade was not a large component of the economy. However, with the coming of new technology which involved rail road and telegraph, the Chinese were eager to utilize these opportunities. New commodities were thus adopted and organizational innovations implemented. In 1860s, the Qing dynasty initiated several institutional reforms in order to deal with the problem of modernization (Gibson 59). The Chinese had a vague concept of European countries and it was not until the opium war that they tried to understand the west in form of their ideologies, social and political structures. Technology was thus introduced into the country as much as democracy and capitalism were recognized by the citizens. They realized that by being locked to other countries, they were left ignorant of significant concepts and ideologies from other countries. The need to conquer the west made them interested in understanding the west in form of their economic structures and political structures. It was certain that the defeat in the opium war was due to the better technology; lethal western weapons, and strong ships. It was then that reform was underway in China (Beeching 47). Economic Reforms In the early 19th century, China was completely closed and isolated itself from other countries in the world. Foreign trade was limited in the city of Canton and it was not until the opium war that led to the signing of Nanjing treaty, that China’s ports were opened and western merchants found their way into the Chinese market. The effect on Chinese economy was significant as they had least expected it. The effect of opening up of China did not have just the negative effects but it also had good and positive effects on the economy and social relationships which existed in the people of Qing Dynasty. Among the negative effects that we shall look in details are internal struggles, increase in the rate of crime, economic downfall in the city of Canton and the increase in the economic welfare at the cities of Shanghai and Hong Kong (Chesneaux, Marianne Maie-Claire 7). Chinese local industries were affected by cheaper western machine made products. This created so much pressure on the local industries as they had to adapt and reform in order to compete with the western merchants. The defeat of China in the opium war was enough to convince the Chinese that they were no longer the ‘Heavenly Middle Kingdom’ that they always thought they were. They were thus awakened and exposed to the reality of progress (Gibson 32). Chinese were used to being self reliant as they had a self sufficient domestic trade. This was occasioned to a large extent by the fact that it has an immense home trade. It has a vast land that their internal trade is sufficient to perform commercial operations. You read "Western Countries Influence on China in the 19th Century" in category "Papers" In opening up, China was able to compare itself with other nations internationally and thus realized that it was no longer on top of the world. Chinese thus developed a sense of purpose and a desire to improve their economy; it was a period of awakening the giant (Chesneaux, Marianne Maie-Claire 53). Various economic repercussions were obtained after the opening of China. The flourishing of foreign trade was evident as China increased its export from 7. 5 million kilograms of tea in 1843 to 42 million kilograms in 1855. The export of silk also increased significantly. The demand of tea and silk led to the expansion of tea and silk producing regions as they greatly benefited from foreign trade. Another economic effect was a monetary crisis which resulted from the increased volumes of trade activities. There was a reduction in the Spanish silver dollar and it appreciated so much that it was abolished and the Mexican dollar introduced. These problems were enhanced by internal monetary crises that were instigated mainly by poor administration. The copper cash that prevailed in China depreciated significantly as a result of inadequate supply of copper. This devastated Chinese financial system and in 1853, the country had to result to paper money (Beeching 67). There was a significant effect on the textile industry. Prior to the Opium War, the Chinese made cloths by hand. This industry was almost eliminated as open system led to the importation of cheaper machine-made cloths and other products. The native textile industries had to adapt by lowering their charges, though this was detrimental to the textile workers. Their wages were reduced as the textile industries looked for ways of reducing their operation costs and led to lowering the living standards of these workers (Beeching 63). The old Chinese self-sufficient economy was changing under pressure. China’s social-economical development was affected by western capitalistic societies. This however did not lead to the formation of capitalistic China but rather made it to a semi-colonial semi-feudal state. The Chinese industries had been exposed to the outside states but at a time when they had not anticipated it. They were thus less prepared and less equipped to compete with these international industries. The opening up of China meant that the people who used to transport goods to Canton (mostly the Hakkas) were left without jobs. The majority of trade shifted from Canton to Shanghai as Shanghai had been opened for foreign trade. The Hakkas were considered to be ethnic minorities by the natives of Canton which led to a competition between the two clans in form of farming and economy. This led to wars between the two clans and as a result, hundred of thousands of lives were lost and the effect was quite significant to the China’s economy. The population which had made the country prosperous was being threatened by this internal wars and struggles (Chung, Para. 4). China was no more affected as a series of natural disasters also stroke the country. The Huang He River had burst its banks and flooded a vast portion of land in the year 1851. In 1855, the river flooded again and the fertile and among the most productive province of Jiangsu was in ruins as farmland was destroyed and loss of lives intensified. The Qing government could not afford to provide adequate aid to the survivors as funds had been drained during the opium war and against the Taipings rebellion. The government was also busy in negotiating for military aid with the European powers. The Qing government also faced contempt from the Nian movement which had just begun. The government was thus placed in a very unstable situation by all these occurrences and frustrations (Chung, Para. 5). According to Chung (Para. 7), the Muslim rebellions that tried to enhance equal rights among the Muslims and the non-Muslims, the Taipings rebellion, and other groups that were opposed to the Qing government failed to strike a solution to the prevailing social and economic crisis, as millions of people died. The much relied agricultural industry was severely affected by these rebellions as the countryside was ruined in these battles and countless people lost their lives. This led the Qing government to increase its dependence on the European Imperial forces and subsequent purchase of modern weapons. These internal conflicts made it hard for the Qing government to concentrate its military powers and it thus lost external wars: the Second Opium War (1856-1860) and Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895). The effect was an occupation of Beijing by an international force and the agreement of the Boxer Protocol (1901) which was done under humiliating terms. The government was to indemnify the European powers for the losses that they had suffered. The Qing court resisted reforms and revolutionaries and reformers advocated for overthrow of the Qing dynasty in order to form a republic. The Qing government was eventually weakened by the numerous rebellions as they tried to pursue economic stability as the economic crisis had worsened by the end of 19th century to a national status (Chung, Para. 10). The Rise of China’s Economy The growth and the sudden rise of China is one of the greatest economic successes in the world. With economic reforms in China which started in the year 1979, to 2008 China’s economy is believed to have grown 14-fold in real terms. This has led to the raising of hundreds of millions of people out of extreme poverty. On per capita basis, China is relatively poor though it is currently the world’s second largest economy. This has led to increase in economic ties between China and the U. S. China is still marked with low-cost labor and as such, most U. S. companies operate in China so as to benefit from the vast and booming Chinese Market and low cost of operations as a result of taking advantage of the low cost labor in their export-oriented manufacturing (Rawski, Para. ). The basic improvements seem to have originated from four modernization strategies in Agriculture, industry, science and technology, and National Defense. This meant that rural electrification had to be initiated, a total industrial automation, a focus on a new outlook of the economy, and an enhanced national security and strength on defense. Mechanization in agriculture and subsequent use of irrigation, led to the modification of the ind ustry so as to enhance production, better farming methods were also encouraged (Rawski, Para. 9). The Chinese social and cultural structure had been thought that it was a major constraint to economic growth and development. The rapid improvement in economic conditions of the Chinese is a clear indication that the social and cultural structures might be conducive to growth. There are certain elements of Chinese culture that generate an enterprising spirit which is not found in most cultures in poor countries. One would pose to wonder why this enterprising spirit didn’t have major effects in the 19th century as it had after the minor reforms in 1978 which initiated explosive growth. China used improvements in the heavy industry and infrastructure. Development of modern highways, and compounding of Petrochemical, steel and other industries ensured that the economic capacity of the nation was improved. This rapid growth was also initiated by the use of cheap labor which was used extensively in manufacture and subsequent export of low-end products (Overholt 23). The Implications The opening up of China and the subsequent catastrophic occurrences had negative impacts on the economic well being of China. The Western countries undermined China’s self sufficient economy, the rural homestead industries were as much adversely affected as the development that occurred in the urban market economy. On the other hand, it opened the nation to compare its progress with other nations as well. Technology was imported from the western countries and all this worked to enable the nation develop unbiased opinions on the working of international economies. The Chinese government established commercial and modern enterprises as a result of stimulation from the western capitalism. Many of the established enterprises went bankrupt as a result of poor administration, but the established modern industries thrived which enhanced the social-economic development of China. The modern industries stimulated the growth of Chinese capitalism and formed a basis which has marked a tremendous improvement of the Chinese economy (Chesneaux, Marianne Maie-Claire 48). It is a wonder that a nation that could barely feed its citizens is an industrial giant with the leading capacity in steel production, aluminum, cement and coal. The U. S. ad been the world’s leading auto market but in January 2009, China had turned the tables. It had also been named the top producer of merchant ships in the year 2007. It is clear that the western influence had negative impacts to China at first but today China has all to gain. The exposure to the western markets at such a critical time gave the nation a clear understanding of improved technology and the workings of international markets a nd economies. China thus used its capacities and its capabilities so as enable it obtain control in this international market. When we compare China to North Korea, a country that was free from western influence, then we can confidently say that Western Influence was what was needed to awaken the sleeping giant in China (Overholt 29). According to the U. S. Department of State (Para. 20b), in the Mid-19th century, the western countries focused the capitalist diplomacy on Korea. The policy which was adopted by the Leaders made the region to be termed as Hermit Kingdom. Korea remained independent until late 19th century when China wanted to block the influence Japan had on Korean Peninsula and the pressure by the Russians. This led to the afore-mentioned Sino-Japanese war in which Japan emerged victorious. Korea was thus annexed as part of the Japan Empire which had strong colonial administration and control and it was not until the end of World War II in 1945 that Japan surrendered. This led to the division of Korea, where the United States administered the southern part and the U. S. S. R. took over the northern side. North Korea attacked South Korea in 1950 and the United Nations sent troops to support South Korea. China Supported North Korea until an armistice agreement was signed in 1953. North Korea is governed by a centralized government under the Communist Korean Worker’s Party (KWP). Minor parties do exist but under limited power and scope of authority. It has a record of wide violations of human rights as the government has total control on all issues in the state. The media is controlled by the government that it is not a wonder that ‘North Korea was ranked second to last on the World Press Freedom Index’ (U. S. Department of State, Para. 23b). North Korea spends quite a substantial proportion of its income on military, but the nation has not yet become self-sufficient in food production. Technological links were disrupted and affected with the collapse of communism in the former Soviet Union in 1989. The GDP of the nation has stagnated for quite a while and it is far much below China in economic development and in the living standards of its nationals (U. S. Department of State, Para. 18b). Conclusion The Chinese people were against the opening of China by the Opium War, but the control of China and influence by the Western countries made China a semi-feudal semi-colonial state. It was not until then that technology found its way into China and the Chinese were quick to use it to their advantaged. The shameful defeat in the Opium War made the Chinese vow to strengthen their country in order to prevent a repeat of the same. This has inspired the nation to the current situation of growth and influence in the world. In fact China is very reluctant to succumb to international pressure as it is on its way to gain the title the world’s economic giant. How to cite Western Countries Influence on China in the 19th Century, Papers

The Australian Financial Review and the Australian

Question: Discuss about theAustralian Financial Review and the Australian. Answer: Introduction: The media print and newspaper were earlier to people had been main information source have recently become for the organizations a profit making tool. Therefore, the way in which the publications editorial staff quite easily changes the picture related to truth is fascinating. This editorial in particular demonstrates the way in which truth has been manipulated by print media for organizations benefit related to 7-Eleven wage fraud case. The company 7-Eleven in Australia has more than 615 stores and happens to be largest chain of convenience store with sales generated to tune of $3.6 million. Hence, this report according to materials and facts collected from appropriate sources therefore challenges this case related to wage abuse is because of bad governance and partnership agreement that is biased (Williams, 2008). This agreement suggests gross profit in ratio of 57% and 43% that are shared by head office and franchisees. This important issue related to wage fraud systematically conducted with two perspectives that these two newpapers present to people differ who read these articles. Nevertheless, these both articles have target audiences those are different with reactions related to situation of Wage abuse. The Australian Financial Review Article (AFR) This Adele Ferguson article as complied provides the bad governance and the unethical practices related to work culture in the 7-Eleven company. The major Financial Review readership happens to be largely the tertiary educated people within 35-64 age groups. These readerships based on income groups have been segregated with largest readership coming from group those earn 130K+ more income yearly. The decision makers are executives, the investors sophisticated and people promoting the national prosperity makes particularly the readership for the newspaper (Ferguson, 2015). Further, this readership based on different platforms like websites and mobiles are scattered that helps them with least margin error rate towards their facts publishing. The 25-34 age groups consists next largest readership with earnings averaging 130 K. Thus based on the readership statistics provides clearly evidence regarding AFR writers playing an important role with decision makers. This article tries to provide importance of the issue that exists in systematic abuse of economic and the legal implications. Based on solely the economical angle it provides that this pay fraud happens to rob monetarily the government. Due to lower income, the employee pays lesser taxes to the government with also lower spending as per his requirement. The importance of consumer expenditure that helps nations economy is a fact well known. The strict governance practices that Financial Review follows to ensure there are no errors towards reporting of facts. The article with stating the facts source by reporter in the article published practiced the ethical code related to the conduct of this article. As per example, here in the article as with figures, facts that through Fair Work Ombudsman substantiated. With usage of digital media support, the other truth facet is made known equally to its readers by the publication. However, other example in which Michael Fraser said in an intervi ew that enough substantiated evidence has been gathered that opposes the Franchisee works when trying to provide these facts to head office. The fact that head office did not take it seriously and looked other way as per the article proves that through governance strict enough the publication intends to provide the Audience with necessary facts. The Financial Review policy of governing is better as it intends towards making their readers aware related to figures, the facts that are applicable to industries and its effect towards market. The investors those are truly small takes these seriously with gathering every available information that help in sound investment. Hence, financial review persists towards existing in print media, which helps to collect every data and facts before presenting the same for their readers. This situation in particular made the reporter reveal organization characteristics that are slacking. The organizations brand value is not only affected by this but shareholders too are affected. The fact that 7-Eleven share market price dropped in NYSE from $38 to low as $24. This is to bring forth that in Financial Review the addressed issue provides that this publications editors put forth the facts those shall in the places darkest bring light. This contrast is critical with the way information is provided to readers. The Australian Newspaper Article This article based on the writing of Rachel Baxendale in the Australian highlights related to how the company 7-Eleven is working towards amending the wage fraud processes. The admittance of the fact regarding the existence of this irregularities related to pay rate, the company 7-Eleven has been opposing strongly with the extent that the fraud scandal been spread. The Australian lower governance has depicted with the statement that happened to be provided at first. The steps towards the verification of the statements by the reporter were not taken before publishing the same (Baxendale, 2015). These research skills those are poor provides the fact that newspaper in sticking to the facts does not follow policies strict those can be enforced. The print media that is popular that is Australian newspaper has captured a major portion of the general masses as its readers. This paper having audience base close to 3, 30,000 readers weekly and in the weekends has 6, 86,000 readers base. The n ewspaper Australians readership easily may be segregated into two groups based on age factors with Age group above fifty and the group within 25-49 age groups. This medium of print in these both groups of age is popular with more members in first age group. This Australian based on the income group could not be segregated appropriately since every income group from high and low everybody likes this newspaper to read. This publications readership in though in current times suggests that there is a shift onto other platforms like digital and mobile (Sullivan Percy, 2009). The fact that the general public mindset is shaped with the direction that is especially based on the Australian readership in particular ways. The contrast here in this The Australian newspaper with that of the Financial review is that this paper provides with positivity of the company 7-Eleven than the other. Here particularly the reporter tries to give based on the story the theatrics that intends to convey on the employees of the company with feelings woeful. These reporting will help to increase readership of newspaper. Nevertheless, this is looked as bad governance in spite of the evidences that are procured by the four corners, the Fairfax media and other sources, which editors does not understand and therefore fails towards recognizing behind the story with facts and truths. The Australian newspaper provides that reporter here is tilted more on the aspect that is positive towards situation for lighting with alluding other side story (Stuhmcke, 2008). Therefore, questions rela ted to ethics come like whether providing the public with half-truth is ethical or not. This is demonstrated with since the article with the bad governance depiction has not given relevance to the scandal or frauds prior findings. However, the other face of the article, which depicts bad governance, provides with fact that by simply transcribing statements the reporter without thoroughly cross checking the same has given to the publication these articles. The publications editorial board might be seeking the advantage related to the large readership existing with alluding evidence further with explaining in first place this wage fraud. Conclusion Both of the print media articles published are around the wage fraud abuse related to 7-Eleven. Nevertheless, the writers perspectives related to these both newspapers are differentiated based on the readership of the newspaper. These writers differing perceptions provides readers with light regarding the subject that the publication looks to focus upon. This example in particular provides that financial review is focused more towards business and the Australian gives much generic point of view regarding this incident. The trend based on which these articles are written and has been published has been justified with the fact regarding the differing target audience and different demographic segments of the publication. This article provided in The Australian gives generic view regarding wage fraud that targets general masses in 25-54 age group with wider market target base. Nevertheless, based on the perspective related to governance this article is not intensely researched before being published. As per interviews, those done by Fairfax media along with whistle-blower on the Head office related to 7-Eleven suggests despite knowing regarding exploitation were not able to take corrective actions. This provides that reporters do not have belief towards following strict practices related to ethics at The Australian. This is demonstrated with the acceptance regarding publishing of the fact that there was negligible transparency of Head office in payroll system. The Financial review article gave facts with strong numbers and reporters collected data enough with analyzing them before they are published. The reporter based on perspective related to governance is increasingly in publishing their findings ethical. In financial sector such facts, figures are most critical for decision makers. However, the Australian has power to provide its reader, particular perspective related to an issue. Nevertheless, other thing that needs consideration is related with editor in chiefs decision towards publishing such article. Is it poor judgment or bad governance? On the other hand, whether it is ethics question where justified to provide perspective bias regarding particular issues to its millions readers. This gives the learning that newspapers try to relate the stories to their audience with what they are interested. The ethics with providing the facts to their audience often are manipulated with the business needs of the organization becoming primary. The reporters therefore to capture the audience base reflect upon the story in ways that interests their audience. However, it is required that true facts are presented to the readers that will help the society and the ethical conduct that will in long term help the newspapers and the business both. References Baxendale, R. (2015). 7-Eleven: The buck stops with us, says chairman Russ Withers.The Australian. Chapman, B. (2011). Some Observations on Wage-Setting Practices in The Australian Labour Market System. Australian Journal Of Management, 18(4), 161-175. Ferguson, A. (2015). 7-Eleven: Wage abuse claims puts scrutiny on Fair Work response.Financial Review. Stuhmcke, A. (2008). Changing Relations between Government and Citizen: Administrative Law and the Work of the Australian Commonwealth Ombudsman. Australian Journal Of Public Administration, 67(3), 321-339. Sullivan, M. Percy, M. (2009). Concise Reporting in Australia:Has the Concise Report Replaced the Traditional Financial Report for Adopting Companies?. Australian Accounting Review, 17(66), 40-47. Williams, R. (2008). Wage Effects on the Volume of Unpaid Work in Nuclear Australian Households. Australian Economic Papers, 47(4), 91-105.

Case Study for Management Accounting Essay Example

Case Study for Management Accounting Essay Editor’s Remarks I am pleased to present the nine teaching cases presented at the 2002 Conference of the Management Accounting Section of the American Accounting Association. These cases provide a wide range of topics and contexts for use in upper level undergraduate and MBA classes. Here is a list of the cases, authors and topics discussed. Bal Seal Engineering, by Robin Cooper, discusses alternative cost management approaches: traditional, ABC, and TOC. Bill’s Custom Planters, by William Stammerjohan and Deborah Seifert, discusses production and cash flow projections, developing pro forma statements and sensitivity analysis. Dublin Shirt Company, by Peter Clarke in association with Paul Juras and Wayne Bremser, discusses customer profitability analysis. ECN. W, by William Lawler, discusses ABC in a service organization. Endesa, by Gary M. Cunningham, Scott Ericksen, Francisco J. Lopez Lubian and Antonio Pareja, discusses strategy and control issues in a changing organization. Kincaid Manufacturing, by Jon Yarusso and Ram Ramanan, discusses supply chain management. Osram. NA, by John Shank, Lawrence Carr, and William Lawler, discusses economic value to customer and related life cycle costing issues. Pleasant Run Children’s Home, by Brooke E. Smith, Mark A. McFatridge, and Susan B. Hughes, discusses dealing with the financial condition of a not-for-profit organization. University Bottom Line, by Enrico Uliana, discusses management control issues in a university. I thank these authors and all of the other authors who submitted cases to the conference. I also thank members of the editorial board for their help in reviewing cases: Tom Albright, Wayne Bremser, Paul Juras, Ken Merchant, Gary Sundem and, especially, Larry Carr and Jim Mackey. I am grateful to the other conference organizers, Steve Hansen, K. Sivaramakrishnan and Naomi Soderstrom for their advice and help. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study for Management Accounting specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study for Management Accounting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study for Management Accounting specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I am grateful for the help of Leslie Estelle at the IMA for her work in putting these cases into Management Accounting Quarterly. And on behalf of the members of the Management Accounting Section of the AAA, I thank the IMA for its support. Bal Seal Engineering Company, Inc. Peter Balsells and his late wife Joan founded Bal Seal Engineering Company, Inc in 1958. From humble beginnings, the firm grew steadily primarily based upon a strategy of selling the most innovative products in the industry. In particular, Bal Seal’s products were characterized both by the high value they provided and the technical manufacturing challenges they overcame. The initial invention that formed the basis for the firm’s success was a canted-coil spring in a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) jacket (Figure 1). The advantage of the canted-steel coil spring, over a conventional one, was its ability to produce near uniform force over its operating range. In contrast, a conventional spring provided a linearly increasing force as deflection increased (Figure 2). This property of a canted coil spring was critical in ensuring both an effective seal and an extended operating life. The firm considered itself an industry leader and standard setter in providing customers worldwide with innovative solutions to their industrial sealing problems. The firm, over its 40-year life, had created in excess of 60 active patents and numerous other innovations that had helped shape the seal and spring industry. This innovative history had provided the firm with, what top management considered a sustainable competitive advantage. The firm’s profit margins were historically higher than industry average reflecting both its advantageous patent position and high level of engineering skills. In 2000, sales were just under $25 million. The company’s customers were primarily in the medical equipment, analytic equipment, industrial OEM, and semiconductor industries. The company sold directly from the factory with the assistance of independent manufacturer’s representatives who covered the territories of Canada and the United States. Internationally, the company had a sales office in Western Europe and had contracted with several distributors who provided coverage of the Japanese and Australian markets. Product Development The firm had developed its own approach to product development that consisted of three steps; design, fast prototyping, and production. In the design phase, the firm’s engineers concentrated on understanding the customer’s requirements. The firm’s products were used in a wide variety of applications and most were custom designed. Many of these applications presented state-of-the-art challenges in sealing technology. Without careful attention to the underlying requirements, the firm could easily fail to design an effective seal. Fast prototyping consisted of rapidly creating a working example of the new product. Fast prototyping had two advantages. First, the customer could, early in its own product development process, test the new seal to ensure that it would be effective in the specific application for which it was designed. Second, the fast prototype enabled the manufacturing engineers to designate specific quality control steps and to establish guidelines for cost-efficient production. The final step, production consisted of ensuring that very high quality products were produced on a timely basis. The firm’s commitment to quality was necessarily extreme because its products were relatively inexpensive compared to the customers’ end products in which they were used. However, since seal malfunction could lead to disastrous failure of the customer’s product, long-term consistent performance of the firm’s products was essential. Consequently, Bal Seal’s manufacturing process was geared to produce products that had exceptionally long meantimes between failures. Production Process A spring-energized seal consisted of a plastic U-cup ring and a canted-coil spring. The purpose of the plastic ring was to ensure that metal to metal contact did not occur between a piston and its housing. In addition, the seal was often designed to provide the piston with both support and guidance. The seal could either be mounted on the piston (Figure 3) or on the housing (Figure 4). The springs and plastic rings were manufactured independently and then assembled to create the seal. While springs were sold separately, plastic rings were only sold as part of a completed seal. Products were produced to order, only a small number of items were retained in finished goods inventory. For small orders, only one production run was required. However, for larger orders it was necessary to break production into multiple production runs so that other orders were not excessively delayed. The production process consisted of three major stages; spring production, ring production, and final production and assembly (Figure 5). Ring production required 5 major steps. The first step consisted of taking powdered PTFE and mixing it. Subsequently the mixture was placed in an oven where it was pressed under high pressure to form the desired shape. The shaped pipe was then removed from the mold and cooked in a sintering oven to harden it. After sintering, the sintered pipe was ground to the desired size and specifications. The completed seal blank was then placed in the buffer inventory that was maintained before the computer numerically controlled (CNC) machines. Blanks are machined to customer specifications to create rings soon after receipt of the customer order. Spring production was proprietary and only senior executives and the specially trained workers were allowed to enter the area of the factory where springs were produced. Bal Seal senior management was convinced that the firm had created a sustainable competitive advantage from the proprietary technology associated with spring production. Consequently, intense security was applied to this production area to ensure that competitors could not learn anything from visiting Bal Seal or hiring its normally trained employees. Computer numerically controlled (CNC) equipment was used to create the seal. The part was then inspected to ensure that it was up to specifications. Assembly consisted of three major steps. In the first step, the spring and seal were assembled to create the completed product. In the second step, the part was inspected to ensure that it met specifications. In the final step, the completed seal was tested to ensure that it provided the near uniform resistance that was characteristic of canted coil spring technology. The completed part was then released to shipping and sufficiently early to insure on-time delivery. Only a few standard parts were maintained in finished goods inventory to ensure that unexpected demand for such items was met in a timely fashion. Total finished goods inventory accounted for only two days of average production of stocked items. Theory of Constraints The theory of constraints emerged in the mid-eighties as a way to better manage constrained resources and hence increase firm profits. Bal Seal had adopted the theory of constraints as both its production philosophy and its product costing methodology in 1997. In the theory of constraints, a single machine, or class of machines, is identified as the bottleneck. The bottleneck machine or machine class is the one that limits the overall level of production of a product, product family, or product line. To maintain maximum output, the bottleneck machine, or as it is more formally known the capacity constrained resource, is kept busy at all times. Any other machine or production operation could be idle as long as it does not lead to the bottleneck machine being starved. The theory of constraints has its own language. The throughput of a system is the revenue generated in the period of analysis. Throughput = Revenue The throughput contribution is the revenue generated by an order minus the totally variable costs associated with it. Throughput Contribution = Throughput – Totally Variable Costs The operating expenses are all of the costs that are not totally variable with production volume. Profit is given by subtracting operating expenses from total throughput contribution: Profit = Total Throughput Contribution – Operating Expenses Ensuring that the maximum throughput contribution is generated maximizes the profit generated. That objective is achieved by manufacturing products that have the highest throughput contribution per constrained minute for which bottleneck capacity is available. The throughput contribution margin per constrained minute is the throughput margin generated by the order divided by the time it takes on the bottleneck machine measured in minutes. Throughput Contribution/ Constrained Minute =  © 2001 by Robin Cooper 3 Throughput Contribution / Time on Bottleneck Machine The objective of the theory of constraints is to maintain as high an average throughput margin per constrained minute as possible, while keeping the bottleneck machine fully loaded. If this objective is achieved, according to the theory of constraints, profits will be maximized. Five simple rules govern the approach: 1. . 3. 4. 5. Identify the constraint. Decide how to exploit the constraint. Subordinate everything else to the above decision. Elevate the constraint. If the constraint has been broken, go back to step 1 Under these five rules, the majority of continuous improvement efforts are focused upon increasing the output of the bottleneck resource; only reduced attention is p aid to making the non-constraint activities more efficient. At the heart of theory of constraints is the drum-buffer-rope scheduling system. In this approach to scheduling, a protective buffer is maintained in front of the machine that creates the constraint. This capacity constrained resource (CCR) buffer is designed to be sufficiently large that it ensures that the bottleneck is never starved. Theoretically, the size of the buffer is determined as a trade-off between security versus lead-time. In practice, as was the case at Bal Seal, it is often determined from experience. At Bal Seal, the conversion to the theory of constraints went extremely smoothly and within three months the firm’s manufacturing performance had improved dramatically with overall production levels higher and production costs lower. As the firm smoothed out its production process, the firm’s cash flow became more predictable. Senior management was very pleased with the ease of the transition to theory of constraints and identified it as one of the major strengths of the approach. For example, they compared their experience favorably to the length of time other firms had taken to shift to lean production. In their opinion, the shift to lean production, typically took longer because it required balancing most, if not all, of the firm’s production processes, not just the bottleneck ones. In addition, they felt that the cultural changes under the theory of constraints approach were much less demanding than those required by the adoption of lean production. The non-bottleneck resources could be managed much the same as they always had been thus reducing the amount of learning that had to be achieved to bring the new production approach on line. The theory of constraints was also adopted, at Bal Seal, as the basis for product costing. Under the theory of constraint approach, with the exception of the costs that are totally ariable with the number of units produced, all other costs (operating expenses) are assumed to be fixed in the short term. In most settings, the only significant totally variable cost is material, other totally variable costs such as the electricity required to run the machines are typically ignored as they are small compared to material costs and instead, they are treated as part of operating expenses. At Bal Seal only material, freight, and sales co mmissions were treated as totally variable costs and hence subtracted from revenues to give the throughput contribution for the period. In the firm’s traditional cost system, the freight and sales commission costs were treated as indirect costs and assigned to products using direct labor dollars. Activity-Based Costing Activity-based costing emerged in the mid 1980s as a way to report more accurate product costs than was possible by traditional cost systems. Activity-based cost systems differed from their traditional counterparts in two ways. First, the cost pools represented activities performed and not types of production processes. Second, the way costs were assigned to products was more sophisticated. In traditional systems only unit-level cost drivers were utilized. Unit level drivers were those drivers whose driver quantities doubled when the number of units produced of a product doubled. Examples of frequently used unit-level cost drivers in traditional systems include direct labor hours and dollars, machine hours, and material dollars. In contrast, in activity-based cost system two other types of cost drivers were utilized. The first type was batch-level drivers and the second type was product-level drivers. Batch-level drivers were used to assign the costs of activities that were performed every time a batch was produced. Examples of this type of activity include machine setup, material movement, and production scheduling. Examples of batch-level drivers include setup hours, number of setups, and number of batches or production runs. Product-level drivers were used to assign the cost of activities that were performed to sustain the ability to manufacture particular products. Examples of product-level activities include parts administration, process engineering, and bill-ofmaterial maintenance. Examples of product-level cost drivers include number of parts, number of part numbers, and number of engineering change notices. Proponents of activity-based costing argue that it provides a more accurate picture of the cost of the resources consumed by different products than traditional cost systems. In particular, activity-based cost systems are sensitive to batch size and overall production volume and thus report higher costs for the same product if it is made in small batches or overall low volume than if it is manufactured in large batches or high overall volume. In contrast, traditional systems reported the same product costs irrespective of the batch size or overall production volume of a product. Thus, activity-based cost systems were sensitive to scale economies while their traditional counterparts were not. Product Costing at Bal Seal In 2000, Bal Seal did not utilize either traditional or activity-based costing to determine product costs; instead it relied solely upon its theory of constraints system to support its pricing and order acceptance decisions. Prior to the adoption of the theory of constraints, the firm had developed a traditional costing system. This system consisted of the direct assignment of material, labor, and setup costs and the indirect assignment of all other costs. The indirect costs were assigned to the products using a single cost pool using direct labor dollars as the cost driver. In 1999, the overhead burden rate that would have been used in the traditional costing system was 500%. Bal Seal’s traditional costing system was slightly unusual in that it isolated the costs of setups from normal run costs. Setup costs were assigned to the batch as a lump sum and then divided by the number of units in the batch to develop a unitized setup cost. The sum of the run cost and the unitized setup cost was the total unit cost of the product. The advantage of this approach was that it reported different costs for the same product depending upon batch size with reported unit costs dropping as batch size increased. Thus, Bal Seals’ old traditional costing model, because of the way it incorporated setup costs, was somewhat sensitive to batch size. However, since it ignored the implications of non-setup related batch-level costs and all of the product-sustaining costs, it was at best a partial activity-based cost system. In 1999, a specialist in activity-based costing visited Bal Seal. He was interested in the relationship between theory of constraints and activity-based costing and wanted to study an active theory of constraints implementation. Many theory of constraints advocates believed that activity-based costing was a misleading costing approach that led to poor decisions. At the heart of this perspective was the inability of the activity-based costing approach to identify bottlenecks and thus ensure that they were kept fully loaded. Since any failure to keep the bottleneck fully and efficiently loaded resulted in lower profits, the position adopted by advocates of the theory of constraints was that activity-based costing led to inferior performance. In contrast, most activity-based costing advocates had a different opinion; they believed that theory of constraints was the appropriate solution for short-term decisions in which the firm’s infrastructure (their term for operating expenses) could not be modified. However, they believed that over the long run, the firm’s infrastructure could be modified in ways that led to overall superior performance. Thus, they perceived the optimum solution to be to use theory of constraints for short-term decisions and activity-based costing for long-term decisions. To help understand the relationship between the two approaches, the specialist identified five orders that the firm had recently received for different members of its Mark IV family of Balance Seal products (Exhibit 1). The primary difference between the orders was the number of units ordered. He chose these five orders because he felt that, despite being from the same family of products, they covered the entire spectrum of orders received by the firm. In particular, they captured small, medium, and large volume orders. Furthermore, the selling prices of the Mark IV product family were relatively easy to estimate despite being dependent upon the size of the order and the industry in which seals were to be utilized. Mark IV seals were primarily used in medical equipment industry and the historical bidding information was sufficiently detailed to enable quite accurate estimates of probable selling prices to be developed. Such detailed information was not available for many of the firm’s other product families. The specialist asked Bal Seal management to determine the profitability of the five orders using the theory of constraints. To provide a basis for comparison, he designed a simple activity-based cost system for Bal Seal. This system identified two additional indirect cost pools to the one that was used in the firm’s old traditional cost system. The first additional cost pool was a batch-level one. It captured the costs of ensuring that a production order was processed. The second additional cost pool captured the cost of the product-level activities. In particular, it identified the parts administration costs associated with each member of the Mark IV family. Removing the batch-level and product-level costs from the direct labor cost pool reduced the direct labor dollar burden rate to 115%. This burden rate also excluded the freight and sales commission costs which the expert felt should be treated as costs of the order in addition to the setup and order processing costs. Management’s Reaction Bal Seal top management was not convinced that even experimenting with activity-based costing was a good idea. They justified this perspective based upon several deeply held views. First, the success of theory of constraints, at Bal Seal, was such that they were unwilling to risk disrupting it with even an experiment. Second, they believed that the theory of constraints approach was philosophically superior and that activity-based costing would simply cause people to focus excessive attention on non-bottleneck resources. Attention that they felt was better directed to increasing the throughput of the capacity constrained resource. Third, they believed that it would be confusing to have two sets of reported product costs â€Å"floating† around the firm – one based on theory of constraints and the other based on activity-based costing. In particular, they felt that this confusion would be particularly serious if one of the two approaches recommended selling a product that the other indicated was unprofitable. Bal Seal Assignments It will help considerably to work in Excel or another spread sheet program, as many of the calculations are identical except for the price list. The following graphs will also be beneficial in helping you gain insights into the capabilities of the various costing approaches; traditional profit margin versus ABC profit margin, unit contribution or profit versus volume, and ABC unit profit versus TOC unit contribution per minute. Price Lists – Pair 1 1. Determine the cost and profitability of the five selected orders using the firm’s traditional cost system, TOC system, and the activity-based cost system proposed by the visiting specialist. 2. Bal Seal has only a small amount of bottleneck resource available. It receives an order for 1,000 P5 Mark IVs and 35 orders for 10 units each of 35 different products that have the same overall production characteristics as the P1 Mark IV Balance Seal. The high volume order or all of the small volume orders will consume the remaining bottleneck resources. Which of the orders would the three costing approaches suggest accepting? 3. Which orders would you recommend be accepted? Repeat the above calculations assuming that the selling prices are: Product Identification Order Volume Selling Price $100. 00 $20. 00 $4. 75 $3. 00 $2. 0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 10 50 200 500 1,000 Would your recommendations about which orders to accept change? 4. Analyze the pricing strategies that are being used in this industry based upon the two sets of prices. Hint, it will help if you look at the rankings of profit in each pricing scenario. Price Lists—Pair 2 5. Repeat the calculations assuming that the selling prices are: Product Identification Order Volume Selling Price $69. 50 $16. 50 $9. 50 $8. 50 P1 P2 P3 P4 10 50 200 500 P5 1,000 $8. 25 Would your recommendations about which orders to accept change? 6. Repeat the calculations assuming that the selling prices are: Product Identification Order Volume Selling Price $47. 50 $22. 40 $19. 25 $18. 00 $17. 75 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 10 50 200 500 1,000 Would your recommendations about which orders to accept change? 7. What is the best way to integrate TOC and ABC? 8. If your recommendations include computing both TOC and ABC costs, how would you explain your solution to Bal Seal management given their concerns about the potential resulting confusion? 9. Analyze the pricing strategies that are being used in this industry based upon the last two sets of prices. Hint, it will help if you compare the unit ABC profits and TOC contributions generated in each price scenario. Exhibit 1 Information on the Mark IV Family of Balanced Seals Order Information Product Identification Number Order Volume Unit Selling Price $50. 00 $9. 00 $5. 00 $4. 00 $3. 75 Number Of Production Runs for Order 1 1 2 3 5 Estimated Annual Production Volume 10 75 500 2000 5000 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 10 50 200 500 1,000 Cost Information Material Costs Labor Costs Order Processing Costs Set-Up Cost/Run Parts Administration/Product Freight Sales Commission $0. 40 $0. 33 $75. 00 $45. 00 $500. 0 5% of selling price 10% of selling price Processing Time Information for CNC Machines Run time per unit Setup Time per run 1. 5 minutes 30 minutes Figure 1: Bal Seal Engineering Company Inc. Canted-Coil Spring Seal Figure 2: Bal Seal Engineering Company Inc. Canted-Coil Spring Performance Normal Working Deflection Force Conventional; Spring Canted-Coil Spring 5% Deflection 35% Figure 3: Bal Seal Engineering Company Inc. Piston Mounted Seal Piston Figure 4: Bal Seal Engineering Company Inc. Housing Mounted Seal Piston Figure 5: Bal Seal Engineering Company Inc. Production Process Final Proprietary Inspection Spring Production Ring Production Shipping Material Production Figure 6: Bal Seal Engineering Company Inc. Production Timeline Shipping Buffer Post-Constraint Processing Constraint Process Constraint Buffer Pre-Constraint Processing Bill’s Custom Planters1 William Stammerjohan, Washington State University Deborah Seifert, Washington State University Bill’s Custom Planters (BCP) manufactures a line of decorative wooden planter boxes that are sold to both retail and wholesale customers. Dr. Bill started building custom planter boxes in his garage as a hobby/business about ten years ago. His custom planter boxes were so popular that he quit his â€Å"day job† seven years ago and began to manufacture planter boxes full-time. Dr. Bill rarely builds a planter box himself anymore because he is now the full time manager, production supervisor, sales force, and bookkeeper. The word â€Å"custom† no longer truly describes the planter boxes because BCP now offers only one model that is available in four, very similar, variations. Several factors have contributed to increased popularity, increased demand, and increased production volume for the planters over the last few years. A feature article in a regional home improvement magazine, â€Å"Northwest Home and Garden† got the ball rolling for the planters a couple of years after Dr. Bill went into business full-time. A monthly display ad in the same magazine appears to have contributed to increases in both retail sales and wholesale customer demand. Dr. Bill significantly increased production capacity almost four years ago when he moved BCP into a new rented building and bought all new equipment. Like many small businesses, BCP’s growth has not been without setbacks. The sale of planters is seasonal by nature and shortly after the move into the new building, BCP was suddenly faced with new price competition from a much larger supplier of garden supply products. The â€Å"custom† planters that BCP was building at that time were priced a lot higher than the current more generic model. The market seemed to become â€Å"price sensitive† overnight and the sales volume dropped precipitously. It took Dr. Bill several months to realize that he had to simplify his product line and become competitive if BCP was going to survive. It seems that BCP has now weathered this storm, but there are some lingering scars from this period. Dr. Bill’s credit rating is now far from perfect. This is the result of several very late interest and principal payments on the equipment loan, and an inability to make timely interest payments on a former credit line balance. After his former bank canceled his credit line, several other local banks refused to extend credit to either Dr. Bill or BCP. Dr. Bill feels fortunate that his current bank, No Heart Trust Co. NHTC), agreed to extend a small line of credit during BCP’s darkest days and has grudgingly agreed to some small increases in the credit limit over the last two years. The NHTC credit line currently has a $60,000 credit limit. NHTC requires BCP to maintain a minimum cash (checking account) balance of $6,000, or 15% of the We would like to thank Tom Albright for his insightful discussion comments at the 2002 AAA-MAS Conference. 1 outstanding credit line balan ce, whichever is greater. NHTC requires a minimum payment of the accrued credit line interest on the last day of each month (12% annual rate). The now current equipment loan requires a minimum principal payment of $2,000 plus accrued interest on the last day of the month (8% annual rate). The key factors describing BCP’s current operations include the fact that all retail sales are mail order and the wholesale customers are either home improvement or garden supply stores. Retail customers pay for their purchases by credit card and all wholesale sales are on account. The retail price is $70. 00 plus $8. 00 shipping and handling. Wholesale customers receive a $20 per planter discount off the retail price and all wholesale shipments are sent freight collect. On an annual basis, about 30% of the planters are sold retail and 70% are sold wholesale. NHTC deducts a 3% service charge on credit card sales and credits BCP=s account almost instantaneously. Wholesale customers are billed on the last day of each month and are given terms of 2%-10th/net 30. Forty percent of all credit sales are collected during the discount period, 20% within the net 30 period, 25% one month late, and 13% two months late. Roughly 2% of credit sales are never collected. BCP has the capacity to produce 800 planters per month using one shift. BCP has eight employees that each work 160 hours per month performing direct labor. Wood is purchased from a local supplier on an â€Å"as-needed† basis. The local supplier has a very good record for both quality and on-time delivery, but will only deliver on a COD basis. The COD arrangement is another remnant of the period when Dr. Bill was not able pay BCP’s bills on a timely basis. While Dr. Bill has re-established credit with the hardware supplier, BCP must buy hardware in lots of 1,500 sets to receive competitive pricing. Hardware delivery takes about one month from the time an order is placed. The hardware supplier pays the shipping cost, but requires full payment within ten days of receipt of the hardware. Selling and Administrative expenses are $2,500 per month plus $3. 40 per planter sold. All cash overhead costs, rent, shipping and handling costs, and selling and administrative expenses are paid in the month incurred. Dr. Bill’s current estimation of the cost per planter is as follows: Bill’s Custom Planters Schedule of Planter Cost For 2003 Direct Materials: Wood Hardware (1 set per planter) Direct Labor: (1. 6 hours @ $11. 00 per hour) Variable Overhead ($2. 00 per direct labor hour) Fixed Overhead (based on 800 lanters per month) Cost Per Planter $10. 00 5. 00 17. 60 3. 20 5. 25 $41. 05 The shipping and handling cost per planter sold retail is $6. 00. The $4,200 per month in fixed overhead is comprised of: building rent, $1,000; equipment depreciation (12 year/straight-line), $2,000; and casualty and liability insurance, $1,200. BCP’s expected f inancial condition is reflected in the 12/31/02 Pro Forma Balance Sheet. Although Dr. Bill has returned BCP to profitability, and although all the interest and other liabilities are now current, the equity balance is mostly the result of money that Dr. Bill contributed to the corporation when he â€Å"cashed out,† his former day job retirement account. Dr. Bill does not draw a regular salary, but was able to

Spanish Prepositions De and Desde

Spanish Prepositions De and Desde Because they can both mean from, the Spanish prepositions desde and de are easily confused. And the fact that they sometimes are interchangeable - for example, both de aquà ­ al centro and desde aquà ­ al centro can be used for from here to downtown. - doesnt help matters. When to Use Desde However, as a general rule, it can be said that desde more strongly indicates motion from a location. To give two examples, desde commonly would be used in sentences such as Echà ³ el libro desde el coche (he threw the book from the car) and Corrià ³ desde la playa (he ran from the beach). It can similarly be used where the emphasis is on the original location rather than the destination. Desde also is used with other prepositions: desde arriba (from above), desde dentro (from inside), desde abajo (from underneath). Note that these phrases tend to indicate motion from the specified area. It is also common with time phrases. When to Use De There are numerous cases where de, not desde, must be used to translate from. Many of those are instances wherein the translation of can be substituted for from, even if awkwardly. Examples: Soy de los Estados Unidos. (Im from the United States. Im of the United States.) Sacà ³ el dinero de la bolsa. (She took the money from the purse. She took the money of the purse.) Sometimes the preposition por can be used to mean from: Est debilitado por hambre. (He is weak from hunger.) Sample Sentences Using De and Desde To Mean 'From' You can see more about how these prepositions are used in these sentences: Desde aquà ­ se ve todos los sitios turà ­sticos. (From here all the tourist sites are seen. Here, the emphasis is on the place to be in order to see the sites.)Desde siempre he sabido que la mà ºsica era algo muy importante. Since forever I have known that music is something very important. Desde siempre is a fairly common time phrase.)Esculpià ³ la estatua de piedra muy cara. (She sculpted the statue from very expensive stone. From in the translation could substitute for of.)Desde hace un aà ±o hasta dos meses, mi amiga estaba a cargo de la programacià ³n de la red. (From a year ago until two months ago, my friend was in charge of network programming. This is another example of desde in a time expression.) ¡Encuentra excelentes ofertas de vuelos desde Nueva York a Ciudad de Mà ©xico y ahorra con el mejor precio! (Find excellent sales of flights from New York to Mexico City and save with the best price! The flight involves motion from New York City.)El actor famoso dijo que sufrià ³ de depresion y adicciones. (The famous actor said he suffered from depression and addictions. De is used for from when the preposition is used to state the cause of something.) Mi novio es de un familia rica. (My boyfriend is from a rich family. From here could be substituted with of.)El presidente vivià ³ de 1917 a 1962. (The president lived from 1917 to 1962. De is used with the time element.)

Article review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Review - Article Example The procedure and results of the experiment are briefly explained in easy words right in the beginning of the article so that readers get maximum information in the first few seconds of reading.  The editors have written  how the mice that had been bred to be more exercise-loving over generations (high voluntary wheel-running) had a 13% larger volume of the midbrain. A 3D reconstruction of the brain of a mouse is also presented alongside the article to provide the readers with a visual idea of the location and size of the midbrain of a regular mouse.   The author has also incorporated the comments of the professors involved in the research project to make the article more interesting and additional information is also provided to the reader along with the personal opinion of the experts.  They have  quoted professor  Garland  saying that it is the first study which has shown a particular mammalian behavior resulting â€Å"in a change in the size of a specific brain region† (Science Daily).  Ã‚   As the reader goes further, the author has provided more important details of the experiment such as the selection of the mice which has been going on for 65 generation in the lab (20 years), and the functioning of different parts of the brain. This section of the article answers any questions that might have occurred in the mind of the reader and deals and deals with them one at a time. From the sample selection to the procedure adopted by the researchers to reach conclusions, the briefly explains them all in easy language. Other findings of the research are also mentioned toward the end of the article including how the high voluntary wheel-running mice also had a larger volume of non-cerebellar brain mass.   The article also mentions  what the researchers  wanted to achieve through these experiments and whether or not they have been successful. In order to provide a concise answer to these questions,  they have  provided yet another direct quotation of the

GOTHIC AND TABOO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

GOTHIC AND TABOO - Essay Example In England, it was marked by the vertical lines and a four-centered arch with fan vaulting and was between the 14th and the 15th centuries. Gothic writing as earlier mentioned is said to be old fashioned, therefore, their form of writing is Frankenstein (Schultz, p 34). This book was meant to be of artistic value that was characterized by gloomy and mystery and grotesque features. When a person imaginary self is the issue of one of these conventions then, it is specialized in the following manner. It is the place of the self to be extremely blocked off from something to which it should normally to have the right of entry (Schultz, p 35). This something can be its past, the details of its kin history; it can be an open atmosphere, when the nature has been buried when still breathing. It might be a combination of life or a lover (Sedgwick 17). Usually, there is both something going on inside the segregation and something hugely relevant going on incredibly out of reach (Schultz, p 31). While the three top elements take (Sedgwick 12). On the most varied guise, the terms of the association are incontrovertible. The self contains everything that the outside possess including appropriate, ordinary, essential relationship to one another. It also contains the swiftly incompetent of making (Goldsmith, pp.23-28). Both the inside and outside life have to continue independently, becoming counterparts rather than allies, the affiliation between them one of the parallels and correspondences rather than contact. This, though it may happen in an instantaneous, is a fundamental reorganization, creating doublings where singleness should be (Goldsmith, Being Dumb). Finally, the failure of restoring them to their initial being is the most feature energies of the Gothic novel (Goldsmith, the Colbert Report). From the novel, it can be scrutinized that the most heinous violence and the most dreadful situations of Uncanny are not occurring.

Glider 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Glider 2 - Assignment Example for measuring the length of the glider, scissors, coping saw I blade and razor blades are the main materials and tools utilized in constructing Basal Gliders. The tools are majorly used in cutting unnecessary parts. The construction should begin by constructing the wing and using a wood stripper tool in cutting the thick strips of balsa. Moreover, there should be sheet weighing at least 10.6 grams. The sheet was more the one gram but less than 10.6 grams. The remaining parts were constructed with the available materials and tools. Preparation of fuselage or glider was the first step with each base width and components of tailpiece measured and recorded. Notches and slits were cut from the balsa wood length thus resulting to a full glider. All components of glider were assembled by gluing each individual component to the body of glider. This consumed quality time thus permitting adequate time for the drying of each component before attaching the next components. At this stage of glider construction, penny-nose weight was applied to the glider. Eventually, a tape was then utilized in affixing each penny to the glider’s nose, and ultimately resulting to a full glider. A starting line on the floor was marked using a masking tape. Flight distance testing had a minimum of 17feet to the landing target such as a desk or chair. The result of the flight test was then recorded on the scorecard. This process aids in predictions of the functionality and reliability of the balsa glide of meeting its target. Testing process used a minimum of two throws for the glider. The weight and balance of the glider was changed by moving the wings of the glider forward and backward, which affected the flying process of the airplanes. The wings of the Glide were increased to have a maximum gliding distance. Glide Ratio is computed by dividing the glide distance value with the altitude value of the glide. Glide flight-testing method is normally used to test the gliding distance and

Advertising Through Social Networking Websites Marketing Essay

Advertising Through Social Networking Websites Marketing Essay The purpose of this paper to study the effectiveness of advertisements through SNS amongst Post Graduate Students in Indore City. This paper studies factors which make advertisements attractive also identifies whether the advertisements are only till viewing or does it leads to purchase also. Design/methodology/approach- The survey was conducted in Post Graduate College of Indore City, MP. This research can be considered as the basis for a more extensive research, covering other geographical areas, which will produce results allowing more specific and accurate predictions regarding the effectiveness of advertising through Social Networking Websites. Implications- The findings reveal a number of issues that are important for companies eager to explore the potential of promotions through Social Networking Websites. Also the study will help the organizations understand the consumer behavior of evolving commercial cities like Indore. Humans in all cultures at all times form complex social networks; the term social network here means ongoing relations among people that matter to those engaged in the group, either for specific reasons (like blood donation camps, fashion communities) or for more general expressions of mutual solidarity (like families, friends etc). Social networks among individuals who may not be related can be validated maintained by agreement on objectives, social values, or even by choice of entertainment. Social Media presents potentially seductive opportunities for new forms of communication commerce between marketers consumers. As advertisers typically want to find some way to follow their target audiences, many new media opportunities are presented to advertisers. (Miller, Lammas). Advertisers are always in search of new ideas technologies that often promise great potential. In this century, when the media is fragmenting advertisers are skeptical about the cost effectiveness of ubiquitous media, particularly among young demographics, the facts present a strong platform as to why Social Media can become a life saver. Social Networking a place where people can use networks of online friends group memberships to keep in touch with current friends, reconnect with old friends or create real-life friendships through similar interests or groups share their social experiences. Social network advertising is a term that is used to describe a form of Online Advertising that focuses on social networking sites. Some responses showed light to this direction with a different perspective. Indeed social medias influence promises some sort of marketing communications revolution: for instance, global brand Pepsi will not be advertising during the Super Bowl, instead opting for a digital social media campaign they say will help their customers better understand what pepsi stands for(WARC, 2010b). Consumers searching online for information about a product, or brands, not only gain access to corporate marketing materials, they now also have access to product reviews, opinions commentary from other consumers (Smith, 2010). It was observed that a majority of consumers surveyed relied on various types of social media websites as much as company websites for product brand information that nearly half of those made a purchase decision based on what they gathered. However, although social media applications are controlled by users, trend data is not yet conclusive with respect to who is generating, and accessing information (Thackerey et. al. 2008, p. 341). The interaction of the consumers with SNS has also become a very crucial aspect. One stream of research suggests the existence of a loyalty ladder in social networking communities that splits users into categories such as: lurkers (those who are reticent to contribute to sites); tourists (those post comments but demonstrate no commitment to a network); minglers (those who post with no regularity of frequency); evangilists/insiders (those who are enthusiastic, expert regular their contributions)(Harridge-March Quinton 2009, p. 176). Other researchers split users into slightly different categories, for example: social clickers (users who communicate with friends create content on message boards review sites); online insiders (avid online shoppers who vocalize product preferences); and content kings (young men addicted to online entertainment) (Riegner 2007, pp.439-440). These bifurcations show the complexity lack of uniform measurements for marketers targeting social media users . 1.1 Social Networking Sites (SNSs) Social Networking Sites can be defined as web based services that allow individuals to construct a public profile within a bounded system, articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, view traverse their list of connections those made by others within the systems. Some networking can also help members find a job or establish business contacts. SNS include Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Orkut so on. Most SNS also offer additional features. In addition to blogs forums, members can express themselves by designing their profile page to reflect their personality. The most poplar extra features include music video sections. While SNSs are often designed to be widely accessible, many attract homogeneous populations initially, so it is very common to find groups using sites to segregate themselves by nationality, age, education or other factors that typically segment society. 1.2 Advertising on Social Networking Sites Social Networking advertising can be used to describe a form of online advertising that focuses on social networking sites. The advantage this advertising has is the benefit of the users demographic information target their advertisements appropriately. It continues to add variety on a continuous basis. Organizations can also utilize this feature to make it up to the target audience in diverse ways. SNS are changing the way advertisers reach consumers, that these changes are transforming online advertising all together (Gangadharbatla). Few instances can be taken into consideration like in Facebook, when users log on, they get News feed, where they can easily access all the ads videos they like. The study has taken into account the fact that knowledge of the network is limited. The success of social networks marks a dynamic shift in how are using net. 1.3 Things to be kept in mind From various researches it has been experienced that marketers have now become risk adverse is reluctant towards consumer- generated media due to their inability to control message. In one instance, pharmaceutical manufacturer Johnson Johnson released an online marketing campaign via an online video about pain relief for women who carry their babies in a sling. Within hours, Twitter exploded with negative commentary about the videos perceived deprecation of motherhood. To air it further, the online discussions would also be communicated off-line sometimes reach tradition media. Thus, over a single weekend, the volume sentiment of the consumer-generated media brought down a well planned advertising campaign (Baker 2009, p.2). Another obstacle for marketers is that viewers will consider information if it is both useful believable, but will react badly to sales-push messages that are violating social networkings intrinsic qualities of socialization trust (Angel Sexsmith 2009, p.4). Making social networking sites entirely commercial is risky, as users might turn away from the site if they feel their interests are being subjugated to those of advertisers; a warning issued by analysts to News Corp when it acquired MySpace, shifting it to a mass market advertising platform giving brands the opportunities to both advertise interact with the web users (Carter 2008, p.16). Creating fake blog entries is another example of how the misuse of social media can irritate consumers harm brands. The now infamous Walmarting across America fake blog (or flog as it became known), came under severe criticism online after the ethical breach was exposed (Burns 2008, p.16). Also poor execution of the ads or poor display sometimes irritates the users which lead to poor results and negative remarks. One of the major criteria can be the size of online communities as well. It becomes a major factor which limits in generating a massive Word of Mouth. For online groups to be effective, there needs to be a finite size to each community (Phillips 2008, p.82). For social media campaigns to be effective, the new commercial imperative dictates marketers needs to belong to a large number of groups or communities, rather than merely rely on broadcasts to an online group with a large number of members.This becomes the evidence for the fat that both the cultural emotional relationships are paramount (Phillips 2008, p.84), reflecting the surge to simultaneously monitor than to only be the users. 1.4 Need for using Social Media To generate a sense of group mind-set shared interests, online brand communities should include a wide range of interests that have a direct, but nonintrusive, connection with the brand (Brown, Broderick Lee 2007, p.15). Conceptual models have been developed to guide the process of cocreation with online consumers. One example is the DART model which comprises: dialogue (fostering something tangible to the online consumer), Access (providing a companys customers access to each other), risk return relationship (offering something tangible to the online consumer) transparency (creating an environment to share valuable information) (Ramaswamy, 2008, p.3). Real dialogue with consumers led to Unilevers ground breaking online viral campaign Dove Campaign for Real Beauty. Unilever was able to send the most relevant messages to consumers based on precisely what they were seeking /or conversing about. Another area of opportunity for social marketing is brand building connecting enthusiastic online brand advocates with the companys product development cycle (Ferguson 2008, p.181). 1.5 Effectiveness of Social Marketing Many marketers feel the need to tick the social media box demonstrate how cutting edge they are, while the primary drivers of their campaign remain embedded in traditional media. There is a need to effect a paradigm shift from a traditional more is better approach. While many social marketers fixate on volume metrics (website traffic, hit rates, click-through, time spent on-line, postings etc), successful social marketing often depends more on qualitative metrics for desirable signs of tone, quality customer benefit of the interaction (Angel, Sexsmith Sexsmith 2009, p.6). These may include: unique visitors, interaction rates, relevant actions taken, conversation size, conversation density, author credibility, content freshness relevance, audience profiles, unique user reach so on (Fisher 2009, p.191). Such metrics not only measure whether people are engaged, but how they are engaging. However, such metrics often need to be customized for individual campaigns need to be considered in the pre launch phase, ideally incorporated in message testing. OBJECTIVE The study aims to fulfill the following objectives: To know whether social network advertising is effective in sales or not To know the most preferred Social Network advertising approach To know the level of exposure a customer gets when he is being approaches on SNS To study the effectiveness of advertising through Social Networking Websites in Post Graduate Students with special reference to Indore City DATA ANALYSIS: Following factors were considered for preparing questionnaire: Contact {Number of times, durations} Intention Customizability Experience FINDINGS 40 percent of the social networking comes from high school secondary school students 40 percent tarrif generators are the graduate post graduate students. The highest number of active users is from 19-25 age groups but LinkedIn Twitter has a different age group of active users i.e. 25-40 age groups. Facebook delivery service is to about 75 percent of the users. 60 percent of the post graduate students who are looking for jobs have their profiles in LinkedIn. Only 30 percent of the population said that they purchase any product after searching or viewing it on website. 15 percent of the population accepted that they look the pop ups or click on the ads whereas 75 percent said they ignore the ads. Out of five SNS given in choice viz Facebook, Orkut, LinkedIn, G- plus Twitter; 60 percent said Facebook is the most used site by them. 20 percent said they used LinkedIn the most. 30 percent of the population said that they dont have any qualms regarding the quality of the product they see online. 46 percent confirmed that they would like to filter the ads from their profile page whereas 38 percent said they dont have any troubles by the placement of ads on their profile page. 78 percent confirmed that they are attached to Twitter because of the glamour quotient; 14 percent said they like twitter as a networking site; rest logged on for otherwise reasons. 82 percent of the respondents agreed that advertising through websites is a better medium whereas 18 percent said it has no effect on target audience. CONCLUSION SUGGESTIONS Any organization will not be able to make profits if its product introduction doesnt attracts the audience or if it does not reach to them. As the time has increased its momentum the consumers now-a-days do not consider anything worth watching if it is not of value tom them as far as traditional ads are considered. So to reach these kinds of targets Websites can become a very effective tool. If following points kept in mind, the advertisers can succeed in gaining interest of the audiences: Trust must be established subsequently reinforced in order to overcome any reluctance on the part of the would-be consumer. This means moving beyond old school approaches to website advertising to embrace the principles of relationship marketing- building virtual environments in which customers can connect with each other to share insights relevant information. Social media marketers can influence a brand community potentially influence consumer behavior.